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FOCUS is an outgrowth of the IBM Corporation's pioneering work in the development of computer-based career and educational planning systems. The design team for the IBM systems consisted of the late Professor Donald E. Super of Columbia University as team leader, Professor Roger A. Myers also of Columbia University, Dr. David Tiedeman of Harvard University and Dr. David Campbell of the University of Minnesota. Dr. Frank J. Minor was the IBM Corporation project director. Together they developed the IBM Educational & Career Exploration System (ECES) for use by students, and the IBM Employee Development Planning System (EDPS) for use by adults in career transition.

FOCUS includes the positive design features and functions of these earlier IBM systems and draws upon the results of current career development research. FOCUS has been in use since 1990 in educational institutions, community and state career services agencies, and human resources management agencies. According to the National Association of Counselors and Employers, FOCUS is one of the three most widely used career planning systems in the USA. (NACE, Summer 2000 Journal of Career Planning & Employment, Page 46).

 
These journals describe the research and development of the FOCUS family of systems. The earlier versions of FOCUS system were named "The IBM Educational & Career Exploration System" (ECES) and the" IBM Employee Development Planning System" (EDPS). Since FOCUS utilizes basic design principles and self-assessment instruments embedded in these IBM systems, we have included below the research publications that evaluate and describe the ECES and EDPS systems, as well as the FOCUS System.
 
 

Cairo, P.C. (1983) Evaluating the Effects of Computer-Assisted Counseling Systems. THE COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST, 11 (4) 55-60.

Farlin, Cynthia, Ed., (1996) Adult Career Counseling Center. Thirteenth Annual Report. Sept 1995 - June 1996. Eric# ED402423.

Iaccarino, G. , (2001) Computer Assisted Career-Guidance Systems. In Luzzo, D A. (Ed.) Career Counseling of College Students. American Psychological Association Press, Washington, DC.

Katz, M. R., & Shatkin, L. (1983). Characteristics of computer-assisted guidance. The Counseling Psychologist, 11(4), 15-32.

Minor, F. J., (1991). Field evaluation of a computer-based career planning system. Journal of Career Development, 18, 111-122.

Minor, F. J., (1986) Computer-Applications in Career Development Planning. In D.T. Hall (Ed.) Career Development in Organizations. Jossey-Bass Publications, San Francisco.

Minor, F. J., (1970). An experimental Educational & Career Exploration System. In D. E. Super (Ed.), Computer Assisted Counseling. New York: Teachers College Press, Columbia University.

Pilato, G. T., & Myers, R. A. (1973). Effects of computer-mediated vocational guidance procedures: Accuracy of self- knowledge. Journal Of Vocational Behavior, 3, 167-174.

Pilato, G. T., & Myers, R. A. (1975). The effects of computer-mediated vocational guidance procedures on the appropriateness of vocational preference. Journal Of Vocational Behavior, 6, 61-72.

Myers, R.A., Lindeman, R., Thompson, A. & Patrick, T. (1975) Effects of an Educational and Career Exploration System (ECES) on Vocational Maturity. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR, 6, 245-254.

Nagy, D. R., & Donald, G. M. (1981). Computerized career guidance systems and beyond. In D. H. Montrose & C. J. Shinkman (Eds.), Career Development in the 1980s. Springfield: Thomas.

Pilato, G. T., & Myers, R. A. (1973). Effects of computer-mediated vocational guidance procedures: Accuracy of self- knowledge. Journal Of Vocational Behavior, 3, 167-174.

Pilato, G. T., & Myers, R. A. (1975). The effects of computer-mediated vocational guidance procedures on the appropriateness of vocational preference. Journal Of Vocational Behavior, 6, 61-72.

Sampson, James P. Jr., and Reardon, Robert C., et al. (1998) A Differential Feature-Cost Analysis of Twenty One Computer Assisted Career Guidance Systems: Technical Report #10. Eighth Edition. Available at the International Career Development Library (online) http://www.icdl.uncg.edu/.

Super, D.E. (1978) From Information Retrieval Through Matching to Counseling to Career Development. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 51,19-28.

Super. D. E., (1970) Using Computers in Guidance: An Experiment in Secondary Schools. CANADIAN COUNSELOR, Vol 4 , 11-21.

Super, D. E. (1970) Computer Assisted Counseling, New York: Teachers College Press, (pp. 1-6, 37-45, 83-99, 109-117)

Super, D. E. & Minor, F. J. (1987) Career Development Planning in Organizations. In B. Bass & P. Drenth (Eds.), Advances in Organizational Psychology, International Review (pp.83-98) Sage Press, Beverly Hills, CA

Tiedeman, D. V. (1983) Flexible Filing, Computers and Growing. The Counseling Psychologist, 11(4) 33-48

 
 
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